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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0644 (Bagnall 2009).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 (Sijpesteijn 2009)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0643 (Hunwick 2005: 238) \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a (Mobley 2018). \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 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\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646” \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a 1224\u0647\u0640\/1809\u20131810\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 (\u0648\u062f \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 1971)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 (MacMichael 1922: 217\u2013323).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a (O\u2019Fahey 1994: 23\u201324). \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Hillson 1923) \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0648\u063a (McHugh 1989: 209\u2013210). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0647 (Poncet 2010) \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a (Spaulding 1974). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1672\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (Dankoff et al. 2018: 5\u20139). \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062e\u064a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0634 (Prokosch 1994: 153\u2013154).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0627 (\u0141ajtar & Ocha\u0142a 2020: 798). \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064d\u0651 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632 (Adams 1996: 213\u2013252) \u062b\u0645 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632 (Adams & Adams 2010: 241\u2013255)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 (Khan 2024).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062a (Hinds & Sakkout 1986) \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062c (Hinds & M\u00e9nage 1991). \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0627 (Mileham 1964: 7\u201314) \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a (Adams & Adams 1998: 87\u201391\u061b Anderson 2016: 4\u20135).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u062c\u062c”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Spaulding & Abu Salim 1989). \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 67 \u0646\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a” (Spaulding 2007). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0628 “\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Baranski 2025)\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 (Spaulding & Abu Salim 1989: 391\u2013395).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0631\u062a\u064a\u2014\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629” (Spaulding 1990\u061b 1993). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 (Spaulding 1990: 286\u2013288). \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a (Baranski\u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064a (Kaye 1976) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 (Qasim 2002).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 “\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643” \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 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“\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643” \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 (A.1) \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Deptu\u0142a & Wy\u017cgo\u0142 2021: 23\u201333).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 “\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643” \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 (Wozniak 2020). \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a (Spaulding 2007: 50) \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a (Spaulding 1974: 224\u060c 230\u2013233)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u062f\u0641\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a (Burckhardt 1819: 141)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 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\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 5\u00d74 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1). \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 (A.1)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0628 (Vandorpe 2009: 216\u2013218).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 (U128)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643”\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0643\u0651\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 (1623\u20131640)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (1640\u20131648)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627 (Dzierzbicka 2025: 366). \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 (terminus post quem) \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0633\u0643\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (S992) \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 (U128)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 185 \u00b1 30 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 (Poz-126204). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 1735 \u06481778 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 68.3%. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 95.4%\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646: 1670\u20131686 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 5.4%\u060c \u06481726\u20131800 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 90.0%\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062f\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627 (Dzierzbicka 2025: 357).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 (terminus ante quem) \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 (U128). \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 (Dongola inv. 1990) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a “\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643”\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 10.5 \u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 9.5 \u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 2\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 4 \u06485). \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u2014\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 (U128)\u2014\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0646\u0635 \u201c\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u201d (Dongola inv. 1990) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a “\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643” \u0628\u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 (\u0623)\u060c \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u062f\u064f 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\u201c\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u201d (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 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\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u062c\u0645\u0639\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f 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(\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 (Wales 2011).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637) \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 (\u0623.3)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u201c\u064a\u0627\u062e\u062f\/\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u062e\u064f\u0630\u201d\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u064a (Kaye 1976: 48).<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 (\u0623.2) \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u201c\u062a\u0627\u0621\u201d\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 (\u0623.8)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647\u201d (k\u0101tibu-hu) \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645 (Hinds & M\u00e9nage 1991: 15). \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u201c\u064a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0643\u201d \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u201c\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0626\u0643\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 (\u0623.2). \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 (Spaulding 1990: 286\u2013288)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u201c\u0631\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0639\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u201d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 (mand\u016bf \/ man\u0101dif) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648 (Hinds & M\u00e9nage 1991\u061b Spaulding 1990\u061b Kaye 1976\u061b Wales 2011).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0634 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0623.1)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0634\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u201c\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u201d \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u201c\u0643\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0634\u201d. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u0627\u064a (Kaye 1976: 25). \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \/a\/\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0634\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062f \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (Wad Dayfallah 1971: 182\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 20).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0643\u0648\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0634) \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u064e\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a (Bara\u0144ski\u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b). \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0643\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0634\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 (MacMichael 1922: 246\u061b Wad Dayfallah 1971: 182\u2013183). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u062d (MacMichael 1922: 231\u2013232\u061b Wad Dayfallah 1971: 272\u2013277).<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \/ \u0634\u0647\u0628 (\u062a\u061f) (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623.1-2\u060c \u0628.1)<\/span><\/p>\n \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u0623.1-2\u060c \u0628.1) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a (1971: 274) \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u064f\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u063a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 (scripto defectiva) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u02beRDWY\u0100T (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 A.3)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u02beRDWY\u0100T” \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 (A.3) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a (1982: 37) \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 (2020: 750). \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 “\u0631\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0627\u0621” \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 “\u0623\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629” \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a (1860: 850-851) \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 (2002: 447-448). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0648\u062a 1986: 104)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632 1979: 224)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u063a\u0645 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\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644” (\u062a\u0648\u0644) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0631 (1965: 18). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2205 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 U128\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0626 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 “\u02beRDWY\u0100T” \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 “\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 (\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062b\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0645 2015: 235).<\/span><\/p>\n \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623.5 \u0648\u0628.1)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 (\u0623.5 \u0648\u0628.1) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u064a\u0627\u064a\u0631”\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631” \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a “\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631”\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631” \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 “\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a” \u0644\u0648\u062f \u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (1971: 130) \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0630\u0648\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/p>\n \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a 1977.\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a 1994. “\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629”.\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u06376: 11\u201346.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a 1996.\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645: \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627 1998.\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a 2: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0647 2010.\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645: \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 2016. “\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646”.\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064623: 7\u201319.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0634. \u0647\u0640. 1965.\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0622\u0631 \u0625\u0633 (\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631) 2009.\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a.\u060c 2025.\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646). \u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (SAfA 2025)\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644.\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a.\u060c \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. “\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629”. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0623. \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0648\u062a: \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a.\u060c \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629”. \u0641\u064a\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 3\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 A. \u0141ajtar\u060c G. Ocha\u0142a\u060c \u0648 J. van der Vliet (=\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629). \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062c. 1806.\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644 1819.\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0648\u0643\u060c \u062c. 1986.\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631.\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633: \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0628. \u062c\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c OGS 1951.\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631: \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n Dankoff, R., Tezcan, N., and Sheridan, MD 2018.\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644: \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627” \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a.\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648.\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n \u062f\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0623.\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a. (\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627). “\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0638\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629”. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627: \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0623. \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0648\u062a: \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n \u062f\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0623. \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0632\u063a\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645. 2021\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a”. \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 2018-2019. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0623. \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u062f. \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c 23-33. \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632.\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n \u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648. 2008. “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.” \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 – \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a)\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0623. \u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a \u0625\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c 843-883. \u0628\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0644: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c.<\/span><\/p>\n Drzewiecki, M. 2016.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648: \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u062f. 2025. “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a”. \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 2019-2021\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0623. \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c 351-367. \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n \u062f\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u062f.\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062f. 2025. “\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a.” \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631.\u0623\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u062760 (2): 259\u2013284.\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0641.\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632\u060c \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0646 2004 \u0623.\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a: \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646: \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u062c.\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0632\u060c \u062f\u064a \u0625\u0646 2004\u0628. “\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646”.\u0623\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u062739 (1): 13\u201333.\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/nehorizon-s.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-21-235226-300x214.png\")
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