{"id":6818,"date":"2025-09-23T15:15:51","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T12:15:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nehorizon-s.net\/?p=6818"},"modified":"2025-09-23T15:15:51","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T12:15:51","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%b3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a9-%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nehorizon-s.net\/?p=6818","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a BNP Paribas \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u0639\u0645\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u2013 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n

O.sidahmed09@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643 BNP Paribas \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 20 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 (1997\u20132008) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2014 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 8.97 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 (U.S. DOJ 2014). \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2019\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 (\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Kashef v. BNP Paribas) \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 (Kashef v. BNP Paribas 2019)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2024 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 (Kashef v. BNP Paribas 2024).<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 BNP Paribas \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/p>\n

BNP Paribas \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 70 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (AfDB 2025). \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1997\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2014\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627 (U.S. DOJ 2014). \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a 8.97 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 (U.S. DOJ 2014). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0643 BNP Paribas \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1998) \u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 (OHCHR 2020). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0640 Alien Tort Statute (ATS) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1789\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0634\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0642\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 ATS \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. 2013). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 Kashef v. BNP Paribas S.A.\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Kashef v. BNP Paribas 2019).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (2019) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Kashef v. BNP Paribas 2019). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (2019) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Kashef v. BNP Paribas 2019). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639: \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 BNP Paribas \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 1997 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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Witness 2020). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644 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\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a (2023\u20132025)<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 70\u201380% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0647\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 (UN Panel of Experts 2023). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 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\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a (Amnesty International 2016). \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 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\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 (OHCHR 2020). \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 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\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0629 (Global Witness 2020).<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644 lesson \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628. \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u062f BNP Paribas \u0633\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0633\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 (UN Panel of Experts 2023; AfDB 2025).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/p>\n

U.S. Department of Justice. BNP Paribas Agrees to Plead Guilty and to Pay $8.9 Billion for Violating U.S. Sanctions. Press Release, June 30, 2014.<\/p>\n

Kashef v. BNP Paribas S.A., 925 F.3d 53 (2d Cir. 2019).<\/p>\n

Kashef v. BNP Paribas S.A., 616 F. Supp. 3d 20 (S.D.N.Y. 2024).<\/p>\n

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 569 U.S. 108 (2013).<\/p>\n

Global Witness. Financing War: Banks and the Cost of Conflict. London, 2020.<\/p>\n

Amnesty International. Banks, Arms and Human Rights Violations. London, 2016.<\/p>\n

United Nations Panel of Experts on Sudan. Report on Gold and Armed Conflict in Darfur and Beyond. UN Doc. S\/2023\/451. New York: United Nations, 2023.<\/p>\n

African Development Bank. Sudan Economic Outlook 2025. Abidjan: AfDB, 2025.<\/p>\n

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Remedy in Development Finance: Guidance and Practice. Geneva: United Nations, 2020.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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